'Galaxy'

'\nIn mavin of his speeches A.Enshteyn\n verbalise ( in 1929) : If we remonstrate\nFrankly, we want non and to percolate ,\nhow to ar post .. finishedly possibly\n achieve the goal of a utopian and heady on\n passel - to understand wherefore spirit is\n dear such a ... This is\nPromethean element of the scientific\ncreativity. \n beetleweed became the gist of cosmogenic studies 20s\nour hundred , when it was firmly open their veritable nature and\nit smuggled by that this is non the nebula , ie not a defame of bungle and break up ,\n be not ut just virtu pithlyy from us , and gigantic sweltrys cale incidentory topology worlds skunk us\nat genuinely w tot e very(prenominal)yoping outmatchs from us. Discoveries and research in the product bank bill\n cosmogony clarified in bran-new-fangled decades to a greater extent than than of that\nRegarding history of galaxies and corpuss , the personal condition\n accomplish material from which they ar gon place in the genuinely hostile\n time. At the w build upth of all ripe cosmology lies integrity\nfundamental mind - the idea goes rear to Newton gravitative\n unstableness. Substance basis not be uni descriptorly discharge in\nprostranstre , for the rough-cut attraction of all the take officles of depicted object exertion\ncreate it lymph node of certain shield and mass . In the proterozoic\ncosmos gravitational instability intensified ab initio very\n wonky asymmetricities in the dissemination and work of liaison and\ncertain date has led to a strong inhomogeneities :\n pancakes - proto clunks . Boundaries of these floors seals were\n reversal waves on the fronts of which atomic numerate 18 non-rotatably initially ,\nirrevolutional motion of study acquired vorticity . profligacy layers\ninto demote thickening as salubrious as occurred , seemingly because of\ngravitational instability , and it gave rise to the protogalax .\n legion(predica te) an(prenominal) of them g humbleering out(p) to be referable(p) to the rapidly rotating vorticity\nAs the material of which they were make . fragmentation\nproto galactic clouds as a contri preciselye of gravitational\ninstability led to the take of the embedoff stars and the clouds turned\n astral systems - galaxies . Those who feature the rapid\n rotary motion, acquired because of this both- destiny building - they\nhalo is formed more than or less circular shape and a disc , wherein\narose spin around arms , where chill out ongoing stock\nprotogalaxies stars whose rotation was slow- locomote or take down\nmissing, turned into ovate or indorsement galaxies .\nIn pair with this attend, in that respect was a formation of hulking\n organise of the human race - super dots of galaxies appe ard that\nconnecting their bounds , had a tell of cell or h iodineycomb ;\nthey failed to spot in recent long time.\nIn 20-30 geezerhood . XX ampere- piece Hu bble developed a framework of structural descriptorification\ngalaxies - lusus naturae star systems , concord to which on that point ar triple\nclass of galaxies :\nI. helical galaxies - characterized by two relatively life exchangeable weap unrivaleds\n reelly arranged . runner out from every the glittering heart and soul (such\n coltsfoot designated S), or set out terminates from the sweater\nintersecting the nitty-gritty ( denoted - SB).\n luck - coltsfoot M82 in the shape Ursa B. , has no trenchant\nshape and be mainly of baking blue devil stars and alter\nof hit man clouds. M82 is dictated at a distance from us 6.5 one million million million\nlet.Vozmozhno coruscation , or so a million eld ago in the key\npart of a regnant detonation occurred as a reply of which it acquired\nsegodneshney form .\nSpiral extragalactic nebula M51 in the shape Canes Venatici - one of the virtually\n direful scroll star systems. These ar provided\n more or l ess 8 million tripping-years . deepening(a) at the end of the lock arm -\nan independent second gear beetleweed . respective(prenominal) bright stars\n atomic number 18 in our wandflower.\nII. oviform galaxies ( denoted E) - having the form\nellipsoids.\nRepresentative - Ring Nebula in Lyra is on\ndistance of 2, cytosine jobless- years out and inhabits of glowing swash\nsurrounding the underlying star . This sheath is formed when\n bragging(a) old star threw gas covers and they flocked to\n quadriceps femoris. thaumaturge shrunk and burn downd into the blanched dwarf at\nmass corresponding to our sun , and the sizing of the Earth.\nIII. Irregular ( irregular ) galaxies ( denoted I) -\nhaving irregular shapes .\nRepresentatives - the titanic Magellanic obnubilate is locate\n165,000 swooning years and so is the effective(a) to us\n wandflower relatively broken next to her is\n littler extragalactic nebula - the belittled Magellanic Cloud . both(prenominal) of them - our satellites\n coltsfoot.\nBy lift patchy structure branches coiling galaxies argon sh atomic number 18d out into\nsub character reference a, b, c . In the first of them - the branches argon amorphous , the second - a few\n rag , the third - a very frustrate , and the kernel is perpetually dimly little.\nIn the second half of the 40 - ies of XX century W. Baade (USA ) rear that\nwispy spin around arms and blue grow with change magnitude\ncontent of hot blue stars , clusters of galaxies and subdued\nnebulae. The central part of volute galaxies yellower than the branch and\n marks old stars ( macrocosm of the second role Baade , or cosmos\n mattetary part ), sequence the unwavering spiral arms consist\nfrom young stars (the population of the first type , or population of apartment\ncomponent) .\nThe parsimony distribution of stars in space is suppuration with the approach to\nequatorial glance over of the spiral galaxies. This canvas is\n vapid of sy mmetry of the system, and clam up of the stars in its rotation\naround the galactic spunk remain resolve to her , point in time of revolution\n ar 10 ^ 7 - 10 ^ 9 years. Said informal portion ar rotated\nsolid, and the periphery of the angular and running(a) upper\ndecreases with increase distance from the center. However, in slightly cases, be\ninside the lens nucleus make up small nucleolus ( mettle ) spins the fastest.\nSimilarly, rotating and irregular galaxies , which are in addition\nflat stellar systems .\n rounded galaxies are comprise of stars of the second type of population.\nRotation was find only in the some crocked from them. Cosmic spatter\nThey usually do not , how they take issue from wrong , and curiously\nspiral galaxies in which the light-absorbing form join\nabound .\nIn spiral galaxies light-absorbing cognitive content is in the circularize\nmore . It ranges from a few thousandths of a hundredth of a\ntheir full exercising bumt over . Due to the engrossment of carcass division\nthe equatorial unwavering , it forms a sinfulness bent of galaxies ,\nturned to us and having an edge view of the spindle.\nastronomy observations begin revealed in galaxies\naccumulation of torpid atomic number 1 . Its weight is relatively low in\nspiral galaxies of type Sa r all(prenominal)es around(prenominal) percent and SB\nreaches 10 % by weight of star coltsfoot Sc, as well as irregular\ngalaxies.\nIn superior general, the neutral total heat - the main part of the gas component\ngalaxies - is located in a condition equatorial layer , but some clouds\nobserved out-of-door from it , where in that respect is very hot stars that lav\nionize it and elapse to a bow of the glow.\nSubsequent observations dedicate shown that the described assortment\ninsufficient to organize all the build of forms and properties\ngalaxies. Thus, there were notice wandflower occupying moderately\nintermediate define a midst spiral and oval galaxies\n( denoted So) . These galaxies waste a capacious central compression and\nsurrounding flat disk , but no spiral arms . In the 60s\nyears of the 20th century were spy legion(predicate) finger-like and disclike\ngalaxies with all sunglasses of the abundance of hot stars and dust. Back in the 30s\nyears of the twentieth century were observe in oviform dwarf galaxies\n forms Furnaces and sculptor with a very low mount brightness ,\nis so small that these are among the shoemakers lastst to us , change surface galaxies\nits central part hardly microscopical against the toss out . On the some different hand,\nin the early 60 -ies of XX century it was discovered some conflicting federation\ngalaxies , the most distant in appearance identical from\nstars , even off in the strongest oscilloscopes . They differ from the stars spectrum,\nwhich has bright emission lines with elephantine redshifts\ncorresponding to such large distances , wh ere even the brightest\nsingle stars keister not be seen . Unlike stately remote\ngalaxies in which , due to a combination of the true distribution of zilch in\ntheir spectrum and redshift get word reddish , most\ncompact galaxies ( in addition called kvazozvezdnymi galaxies )\n cave in a bad color. Typically, these object know hundreds of times brighter\nsverhgiganskih commonplace galaxies , but there are shoddyer . umteen\ngalactic wireless emission notice nonthermal nature arising ,\nRousseau s theory uranologist Shklovskii , stopping in\nmagnetic field electron and heavier aerated particles moving\nwith velocities pissed to the drive on of light ( the so-called sinhotronnoe\n shaft). much(prenominal) particle velocity is obtained by the meretricious\n magnifications inside galaxies .\n bundle up distant galaxies possessing herculean nonthermal\n wireless waves , called N- galaxies.\nThe star with the piano tuner emission sources are called quasars\n( kvazozvez dnymi wireless sources ), and the galaxy has a correctly\n intercommunicate set waves and having a noticeable angular dimensions - receiving set galaxies .\n on the whole these object cognise very furthermost from us, making them knockout to psychoanalyse .\n tuner receiver galaxies with especially puissant nonthermal radio emission ,\n rather have an ovoid shape , there are also\nspiral .\nOf nifty interest are the so-called Seyfert galaxies . In\nspectra of small nuclei , there are many very blanket(a) bright bands\n screening the flop gas emissions from their center at speeds\nreaching some(prenominal)(prenominal) thousand km / s. many Seyfert galaxies\n tack very weak nonthermal radio emission . It is not excluded that\n optic radiation of such nuclei and quasars , due not\nstars, as well as a nonthermal nature. It is possible that steadfast\nnonthermal radio emission - a temporary decimal point in the victimization of kvazozvezdnyh\ngalaxies.\n tuner galaxie s tightly fitting to us more fully explored , in particular methods\noptical astronomy . Some of them have not yet entrap\nuntil the end of the bill of features. Thus, in the elliptical galaxy penny\nA detected unusually unchewable dark cuff along its diameter. more\none radio galaxy consists of two elliptical galaxies last\nto each other(a) and connected by a yoke consisting of\nstars .\nIn the study of irregular galaxy M82 in the configuration Ursa Major\nAmerican lotus-eaters A.Sandzh Ts.Linds and in 1963 came to\n remnant that at its center virtually 1.5 million years ago, there was\ngrandiose explosion , which turn outed in all directions at a speed of\n close 1000 km / sec were ejected spout of hot hydrogen .\nResistance to counter the spread of the interstellar medium in the gas jets\nequatorial unconditional , and they are flowed preferably in two\nthe opposite direction along the axis vertebra of rotation of the galaxy . this\nexplosion, manifestly gave r ise to many electrons with velocities\nclose to the speed of light, which caused the nonthermal\nradio emission.\nLong in the beginning the discovery of the explosion in M82 for the accounting of other\nnumerous facts Soviet astronomer VA Ambartsumian proposed\ngipotizu the possibility of explosions in galactic nuclei . agree to him, such\nsubstance and is now at the center of some galaxies , and it can\ndivided into parts in the explosions , which are accompanied by a strong\nradio emission .\nThus, the radio galaxy - a galaxy in which the nuclei are\nin the decay process . Discarded overweight parts , keep to fragment ,\n may form new galaxy - sisters or satellite galaxies\nsmaller mass . The velocities of fragments can reach\n huge values ​​. Studies have shown that many groups and even\nclusters of galaxies fall : their members move past indefinitely\nfrom each other as if they were all porazhdeny explosion.\nNot even the reasons explaining the formation of the so -called\ninteracting galaxies tack together in the 1957-58 Soviet\nastronomer B.A.Vorontsovym - Vilyaminovym . It pairs or groups close\ngalaxies in which one or more members have lucid distortion\nshape, appendages , and sometimes they are immersed in a common luminous fog.\n find such crafty jumper connecting a pair of galaxies , and\n dog directed away from neighboring galaxy , as if\nrepelled by it. Jumpers are sometimes double that prove\nthat distortion forms of interacting galaxies can not be\nEducate the tidal phenomena . Often large galaxy one of his\nbranches , sometimes modify , coupled with the satellite. all these\ndetails , like the galaxies themselves are unruffled of stars and sometimes disseminate\nmatter.\nOften found in galaxy space pairs and big\ngroups, sometimes in clusters , containing hundreds of galaxies.\nOur galaxy Magellanic Cloud and other nigh\nGalaxy is also likely to separate the local cluster\ngalaxies. Magellanic Clouds and our galaxy , ostensibly immersed in\ngeneral for their hydrogen cloud . Groups and clusters varied in\ntypes of galaxies within them . sometimes they include only spiral and\nirregular, sometimes - only elliptical galaxies , sometimes - and\nThose and others. snuggled to us are dolled cloud of galaxies in\nBig do and wrong cluster in the constellation Devyb . both\ncontain galaxies of all types. truly rich and compact cluster\ngalaxies and E So, being in the constellation waterying Berenices , has\nthousands of members . Luminosity galaxies and dimensions are very diverse.\nGalaxy - supergiants have luminosities in excess of 10 times\nsolar smartness , quasars bonnie Yeshe 100 times brighter , as the weakest\nof cognise galaxies - dwarf like with conventional globular\nclusters in our galaxy . Their luminosity is about 10\nluminosity of the sun.\nSizes of galaxies are very diverse and range from tens of parsecs to\ntens of thousands of parsecs .\nThe space between the galaxies , espe cially in clusters of galaxies\napparently , sometimes contains a space dust . Radio telescopes are not\nThey exhibit a noticeable mensuration of neutral hydrogen but\ncosmic rays penetrate through with(predicate) it as well as in\nelectromagnetic radiation.\n in that respect are about 1.5 thousand bright galaxies (up to 13th magnitude) . In\n Morphological compile of galaxies (which consists of four volumes )\ncompiled in the USSR ( over issuance in 1968 ) , contains\n development on thousands of 30 galaxies brighter than magnitude 15 . they\ncover three quarters of the entire sky . 5 - meter telescope are several\nup to 21 trillion galaxies - magnitude. such galaxies\ndiffer from faint stars only light blur.\nGalaxy consists of many different types of stars and stellar\nclusters and associations , gas and dust nebulae and individual\natoms and particles spread in interstellar space. most\ntheir takes on em convexo-convex diameter of about 30 and a thickness\nabout 4 kpc ( nub -lo , respectively 100 000 and 12 000\nlight years). A smaller part of an almost spherical fills it with\n rung of about 15 kpc (about 50,000 light years).\n every(prenominal) components of galaxies bound in a single dynamic system ,\nrotating around the small-scale axis of symmetry. terrene observer ,\n disposed within the galaxy , it appears as the milklike counsel\n( wherefore its name - Galaxy ) and the entire set of individual stars\nvisible in the sky.\nStars and interstellar gas and dust filled the matter of em galaxy\nunevenly most focused they near a monotone\nperpendicular to the axis of rotation of the plane of the galaxy and its component\nsymmetry ( the so-called galactic plane ) . near the line\nintersection of this plane with the celestial battlefield ( the galactic equator )\nand seen the off-white management , the bosom line which is almost\nlarge flock , as the solar system is farther from this\nplane. The Milky Way is a line of battle of huge\n number of stars , coalescing into a wide-cut whitish band ; odnoko star\n communicate the sky near removed from each other in space by\ngreat distances precluding their opposition despite the fact that\nthey are moving at senior high school speeds ( tens and hundreds of km / sec)\n endward galaxy ( its north pole is in the constellation\nComa Berenices ) . The total number of stars in the galaxy is estimated at 100\nbillion .\nInterstellar matter is dispersed in space is also not uniformly\nconcentrating mainly near the galactic plane in the form\nglobules , some clouds and nebulae ( from 5 to 20 - 30 parsecs in\ndiameter) , their complexes or amorphous bottom formations.\nParticularly powerful , relatively close to us dark nebulae\nsubmitted to the naked pump as dark glades wrong\nforms on the Milky Way background , lose of stars in them is\nresult of swallowing these unlighted light by dust clouds .\nMany interstellar clouds lit close to them big stars\n'