Analysis of impulse buying

Analysis of impulse buying Impulse buying is defined as a buying action undertaken without the problem having been previously recognized or a buying intention formed prior to entering the store. Operational Definition Shoppers are asked upon exiting the store what items they purchased. For each item, they are then asked some variant of the question when they decided to buy; before or after entering the store. The items purchased whose decisions were made after entering the store are impulse purchases. Problems identified with impulse buying studies: There are three main problems with the earlier research on impulse buying Prior studies conducted were based on a taxonomical research approach which classified products into impulse and non-impulse categories. This tends to ignore that fact that almost anything can be bought on an impulse. This approach is ineffective because it divert attention from the internally triggered motivations and their expression which is crucial to understand impulse purchase. At the end of the day, it is people, not products that show impulse consumption behaviour. Not all impulse buying can be categorized as unplanned purchase and vice versa. A lot of purchase which are not planned can be a result of stimulation in the minds of the consumer inside the store which leads to recall of the purchase which they planned long before but had been delayed or postponed. It is incorrect to classify such behaviour under impulse. Impulse buying drops down to a much narrow and specific range of phenomenon than may come under unplanned purchase. To clarify it can be said that impulse buying occurs when a consumer experiences a sudden, often powerful and persistent urge to buy something immediately (Hoch Loewenstein,1991) There hardly exist any theoretical models or framework on impulse buying behaviour. Previous work has not offered any behavioural model to explain impulse buying in totality. Especially if we look at the functional or implementation level for the marketers, there hardly exist any organized reference models to use impulse purchase as a tool to improve sales. Many models link arousal and purchase indirectly linked by some external variable. But they have no mention of phenomena where arousal leads directly to purchase. Five factors that affect impulse purchase: 1. Navigating through categories lead to impulse buying: I found this paper on e-Commerce that had a very interesting study on impulse buying and what causes it. The paper studied habits of consumers shopping online, and found that people browsing through products by clicking categories were more likely to buy something on impulse than people searching for stuff online. The rationale is that people navigating through categories get exposed to a much greater breadth of products than people looking for products through search. 2. Power Distance Belief (PDB): I found this research paper that discusses the concept of Power Distance Belief (PDB) and its impact on impulse buying. I am not sure if I fully agree with it, or even understand it, but its a really interesting and novel take on the subject. Power -distance belief is the degree of power disparity that the people of a culture expect and accept. Higher the PDB, the more a person expects and accepts disparity in power. Eastern cultures like China and India have a high PDB and western cultures like America have a low PDB. A low PDB results in greater impulse buying, and a high PDB results in lower impulse buying. The reason for that people is eastern cultures who expect more power disparity, are also brought up to practice self restraint much more than people in western cultures who dont expect so much power disparity. 3. Prosperity: I really dont need research to tell me that prosperity leads to impulse buying. During the peak of the recession impulse buying was not even something I thought about, let alone engage in. Now, that the situation has markedly improved, a lot of people are engaging in it, including myself. 4. Shiny stuff causes impulse buys: According to this piece, things that are sparkly, noisy, jiggly, furry, fuzzy, or have any other feature that makes them draw attention will sell well on impulse. This makes sense too, because the more attention something draws, the more likely it is that you will think about it and end up buying it. 5. Price: This factor is the most talked about when it comes to impulse buying. A lot of people say that they indulged in impulse buying just because something was on a discount. I am sure deals and discounts contribute to impulse buying, and when we see something priced much lower than what we are used, that triggers a desire to get that thing and save money. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3374/is_n13_v12/ai_9204083/?tag=content;col1 Visual aid to trigger impulse purchase: Emotions are at heart of impulse buying decisions Todays retail stores are almost universal in their reliance on self-service merchandising and a high rate of impulse buying. Self-service merchandising is facilitated by store design and careful attention to traffic flow, while impulse buying is enhanced by the use of special displays. Estimates shows that at least 5 percent of total sales are the result of special displays. Impulse sales are created not by persuasive reasoning, but by striking an emotion that the customer can act upon quickly. There appear to be three mechanisms by which the impulse buying response can be triggered. First, the special display cues the customer to respond to an external advertising campaign. The display creates impulse sales by reminding customers about the extensive advertising to which they have (hopefully) been exposed. Second, the display can serve to break the consumers conditioned reflex to buy a particular product. If the consumer buys Brand A because it has become a habit, then it will be necessary for them to have a reason to break this conditioned purchase behavior. Special displays provide a way to accomplish this because the consumer is responding emotionally, not through a reasoned process. Finally, special displays create impulse sales for new or novel products by instigating the desire to try something new! The salient feature to remember about impulse sales is that they are a response to an emotional appeal. A successful appeal may take many forms, but those most universal and easiest to communicate are identified by simple phrases such as: low price, new, free, extra, etc. A special display is used to get the customers attention for each of these messages. To be successful in creating sales, each of the special displays must meet two objectives. The first and most basic is to get noticed. This is accomplished by positioning the display, where it is easily seen (either on an end cap, or sticking out from a shelf). However, given the competition for customer attention, this often is not enough. Methods of increasing visibility include bright colors, maximizing separation from the shelf or general merchandise, and massive size. Using special displays to increase impulse sales. To be successful in creating sales, each of the special displays must meet two objectives. The first and most basic is to get noticed. This is accomplished by positioning the display, where it is easily seen (either on an end cap, or sticking out from a shelf). However, given the competition for customer attention, this often is not enough. Methods of increasing visibility include bright colors, maximizing separation from the shelf or general merchandise, and massive size. The space and situation will dictate which method is appropriate. If, for example, the objective is to increase soft drink sales, this most likely is best accomplished by creating a large display with prominent signing. You also would want to increase impulse sales by creating a display of related merchandise such as snack foods and barbecue supplies. However, if less space is available, then the traditional `shelf-talkers and checkout counter displays are more useful approaches. Another excellent method for attracting attention is the use of special lighting. Lighting not only attracts attention to products, but also communicates a message. Incandescent light creates a softer, warmer image associated with quality. Coloured lighting can be used to achieve other effects. The second objective of a special display is to create an impulse to buy. The message must be clear, immediate, and the action required, unambiguous. Of course, the trick is knowing how to communicate an emotional appeal that translates into the `buy me now message. For chain drug stores, the messages that are most likely to be consistent with the merchandising mix and business policy are price and convenience (Ted Gladson Emotions are at heart of impulse buying decisions.) Model to explain purchase behaviour: Any visual contact with the product or product related communication produces a stimulus or need to look at the product and try it. This leads to development of an attitude towards the product stimulus and leads to three situations: Affect This leads to Behaviour Cognition Reliance martC:UsersnimishDesktopRelianceMart at Ahmedabad.JPG Spread across 165,000 square feet of shopping area, RelainceMart will provide the shoppers a never before experience shopping delight. The hypermarket will carry a range of over 95,000 products catering to the entire family. Shoppers will have the option to choose from a wide array of products in every category ranging from Fresh Produce, Food Grocery, Home Care Products, Apparel and Accessories, Lifestyle Product, Footwear and much more. RelianceMart offers some unique services to the shoppers like tailoring, shoe repair, watch repair, a photo shop, gift services and laundry services all within the store. The store also houses its own fresh bakery serving hot off the oven bread and bread products throughout the day and local savories, an ice-cream train for the kids, a chakki, ready-made batter and loose tea and pickle for the housewives. RelianceMart will also sell fine jewellery and fashion jewellery as a part of its Lifestyle section. RelianceMart will also house a health and wellness store providing pharmaceutical drugs and other wellness products. For the shoppers convenience, the store has a cafeteria providing quality food and beverages for ready consumption, an ATM machine and a consumer service / membership desk to provide the customer a truly international shopping experience. RelianceMart with 61 check-out counters has for the first time in India introduced the Mobile POS system for faster check outs. This is aimed at reducing the customer wait time. The store planning, atmospheries and layout has been designed specifically to provide a complete solution to the customer. RelianceMart will remain open from 10:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. seven days a week. The store has over 400 highly skilled and trained customer sales representatives. STAR BAZAAR The uniqueness of each Star Bazaar store lies in the size and spread of its merchandise range. Shoppers can select from a large range of staples, fresh goods, apparel, luggage, consumer durables, household products and much more and also enjoy the benefit of generous reductions on the market rate.C:UsersnimishDesktopimages.jpg The stores stock goods according to regional customer preferences, as customers in different regions favour different essentials. For instance, in Gujarat, people tend to stock up on their pulses whereas in northern India, basmati rice is a big item. Star Bazaar is aware that people today look at value as a critical component while shopping. And that the first visit may be put down to curiosity, but customers will keep coming back only if they are satisfied with the choices, the quality and the value of the products on sale. So the big focus is on understanding its customers who they are, what they want, what is relevant to them, and how to package it in a manner that makes the store more attractive to them. PRIMARY RESEARCH FINDINGS (All the information used below is taken from the quantitative and qualitative study done for this dissertation) The figure shows the percentage of respondents ever visited one of these stores. 97% of the respondents said that they have visited Big Bazaar at least once, followed by reliance mart, Star Bazaar and Vishal mega mart in the respective order. Factors leading to choice of a hypermarket store Quantitative research shows that the factors affecting the choice of hypermarket store can be broadly classified into three categories: Category Factors Most important Location Variety Discounts Average importance Brand name Quick billing Ease of finding product Quality Experience Least important Size of store Assistance in shopping Shopper Behaviour Trends Pre Planning of purchase From the research it is evident that majority of the shoppers prefer planning their purchase before going to shopping. Research says almost two third (74%) of the respondents pre plan their purchase. This may include everything from the written plan to the mental plan the shopper has. More expenditure than planned Even when a majority plans their purchase, most of the time shoppers end up spending more than planned in a hypermarket. From the above graph it is evident that almost 60% spend more than planned almost every time they go out shopping in a hypermarket. This extra amount can be attributed to the impulse purchase of the shoppers, which means that even when the shopper plans the purchase before entering a hypermarket they still end up purchasing products out of the list. Relationship between preplanning of the purchases and actual impulse behaviour The above figure shows how impulse purchase varies with pre planning of the purchase by the shopper in a hypermarket. It shows some relation between the two: Among the people who end up spending more every time, 61% are the ones who plan their purchase and rest 39% are the ones who dont plan. Among the people who hardly ever spend more than planned, 86% plan their purchase and 14% do not plan. Hence, pre planning of purchase can affect the overall impulse purchase but the impact is very less and consumers planning of purchase dont really influence to their impulse behaviour. It clearly suggests that a good number of purchase decisions are actually taken inside the store. Thus, opens a huge window of opportunity for marketers to influence their behaviour in favour of their product. Mode of payment preferred The number of credit and debit card users in India is climbing fast, and rising affluence is likely to erode Indians lingering reluctance to spend on credit. Indians have traditionally valued thrift and frugality. But the spread of affluence in the wake of rapid economic growth is challenging these values, at least for many middle-class and high-income families. One sign of this is the phenomenal growth in the number of credit and debit cards in India-in the past three years, the number of credit cards has more than doubled and the number of debit cards has almost quadrupled. It has been observed that the mode of payment can influence pain of payment. Since paying by the card will feel less painful than paying in cash, participants will spend more with card. Similar trend is observed in the above pie chart, which says almost 60% of the shoppers today prefer using their credit/debit cards in place of cash. Relationship between mode of payment and impulse purchase From the above figure it is clear that people who end up spending more in form of impulse purchase are the ones who prefer card over cash. On the other hand people using cash hardly ever spend more than planned. Thus, mode of payment can be very significant in influencing the purchase behaviour, especially impulse purchase, since the pain of spending is much less in card payment. Purchase from attractive kiosk The above pie chart shows how product placement and point of purchase communication influence the shopper behaviour. Retail Communication helps the retailers generate sales by using any one or a mix of these outputs and inform, persuade and remind customers about the retailer and its offers. Stores use tools such as visual merchandising, signage and graphics, and other forms of point-of-purchase communication (PoP) to achieve an effective in-store strategy. The consumer response from the above figure shows that 61% of the total respondents show an intention to purchase from an attractive kiosk for product launch or promotion. The above graph shows the trend of actual purchase from such kiosks. It clearly suggests that shopper may try it at times but it depends on various factors such as (findings from depth interviews): Price When it comes to picking up product on impulse from a promotional kiosk, price matters a lot. People would not want to risk buying an expensive product, which they dont have a prior experience with. At low price the risk associated with the purchase gets reduced a lot and results in high trial rate. Category openness to new product depends a lot on the importance of that product in our daily lives. For example, women are very particular about the cosmetic products that they use and are not open to experiment much on the other hand product category like snacks and chocolates does not pose any such risk. Thus, product category also influence this impulse purchase behaviour. Brand Brand name brings with it trust and reliability, which reduces the risk associated with a product trial and shoppers are more open to buy such products. For example, Apple launches its new products and even before the reviews comes out, brand loyalist buys them, because of the trust Apple has built over the years. Packaging Visual appeal plays a very important role in differentiating the product from hundreds of other products kept in a hypermarket. Packaging cannot just attract the customer but can also lead to final purchase because it is the first POP communication by the product. Brands like Parle Agros Hippo took this insight and launched the product in almost all hypermarkets and have been very successful. Discounts / offers Most of the time trial can be triggered by offering discount or some promotional scheme. In this way marketers can reduce the risk by adding more value to their offering. Also, it catches eye and the psyche of Indian customer is such that it looks for higher value at lower cost. It also creates a sense of urgency because even when customer does not need the product he/she may buy thinking that the discount may or may not be available in future. This result in impulse purchase for the purpose to stock. Purchase near billing area Billing counter is the most strategic location to trigger impulse buying behaviour in the shopper. Few factors that affect are: Time Most of the times in Indian hypermarkets people have to stand in queues before billing, this extra bit of time is when they actually think of other things they wanted to buy but may have forgotten. Presence of products around Area near the billing counter is full of products that are high on impulse purchase. These products are not the low priced and mostly eatables. For example, chocolates, toffees, chewing gums, chips, etc. Presence of such products generally tempts the shopper to pick them. The whole experience of shopping happening all around them leads to such behaviour. Influence of others purchase There is a saying that grass on the other side is always green, which holds true with Indians, while shopping too. Every person carrying a product in its shopping cart is marketing for the product. We also tend to look at other peoples shopping cart when we are waiting in the queue and that is the time when we recall most of the items that we need but forgot to buy. This is a major reason of impulse purchase in a hypermarket as compared to that of traditional retail format. Fear of loss Section wise unplanned visit The movement of the shopper inside a hypermarket is the most important thing to study for a marketer because it is very important for any manufacturer to place the product in such a way that it is visible enough to the shopper so that they can make up their mind and buy it. Impulse purchase is hugely dependent on the way the shopper move inside the store. From the research, the above graph shows what sections of the hypermarket witness highest unplanned visit. Most of the times shopper just walk through the section even when there is no intention of buying any product. Looking broadly at the various sections the hypermarket is divided, I listed down the major ones. From the above figure it is clear that: Highest unplanned visit happens in Snacks section that includes chips, biscuits, wafers, chocolates and other packaged snacks. Research shows 71% of the total respondents visit these sections even when they had no plan of buying anything from these sections initially. This is because of the following reasons: Price: Temptation: After snacks comes apparel and personal care section. Here Category bought on impulse QUALITATIVE findings Factors affecting the purchase behaviour and specifically impulse purchase in a hypermarket: Time Hypermarket is a retail format which offers a wide variety of products and practically all the consumer needs can be met at that very place. In such a situation it becomes important for them to spend time inside and take a look at every section of the hypermarket. During the depth interviews, there has been a significant change in the shopper movement and behaviour when given a situation where they have some extra bit of time to spend in the store. For example, they were given a situation where they came for a movie but got tickets of the show that is 2 hours late. Now, they have these 2 hours and they enter a hypermarket when they had no intention to visit the store initially. The response shows that now there movement would not be driven by the pre planned intention but the choice they unconsciously make. Sections they prefer to visit now are the ones which will witness maximum impulse behaviour. During the interviews it was evident that in such a situation maximum number of shoppers would want to visit the apparel and footwear section. Below table shows how the behaviour vary with different age groups. This is an important indicator for marketers and retailers to generate impulse purchase by placing their products at the entry or exit of these category sections. Disposable money (amount willing to spend on different categories) The amount a shopper carrying is also a very significant factor that influence his/her movement inside the store and hence impulse purchase. During the depth interviews, the respondents were given a situation where they were asked to imagine a situation where they are having some extra money and they wont mind spending it that days shopping. There was again a significant change in the behaviour in this situation as this extra amount psychologically give them the freedom to wander in sections that earlier they avoided because lack of money not lack of interest or time. This behaviour is again is important for marketers and retailers to generate impulse purchase by placing their products at the entry or exit of these category sections. In this case, there is a higher chance of impulse behaviour due to availability of extra cash and high intention of purchase. Payment mode Mode of payment is also a very important factor which came into light by observing shoppers at the store and depth interviews. To conduct this study I traced shopper movement inside the store and their purchase trends. If was evident that people end up spending more when they dont pay in cash because the pain of payment is very low in card as compared to that of cash. In store design Billing Counter From the above research it is quite evident that products kept near billing counter have a high probability to stimulate impulse buying behaviour. Various factors like time of queue, access to others shopping cart and the mental satisfaction of buying products contributes to this behaviour. It is designed in such a manner that while waiting in the queue you cannot avoid the sight of the products. Most of the times the products found are low priced and discounted like chewing gums, chocolates, chips, soft toys etc. Shelf placement Shopper movement Entrance Exit Shopping frequency and impulse The above graph explains the relation between shopping frequency and impulse purchase behaviour. Generally, people going for shopping everyday do not spend more than planned. It is evident from the higher number of respondents in the last three categories of everyday shoppers. On the other hand people going shopping less often tends to spend more than planned most of the time which is clear from the fact that first three categories are high on once in 3 months purchasers. Recommendations Promoting impulse buying behaviour Businesses who wish to promote their products and focus on impulse buying should create an environment where shoppers can be comforted and relieved of their negative perceptions of impulse. They should focus on the relative reasoning of impulse buying in their marketing efforts. Similarly, they should also focus on the non-economic rewards of impulse buying. Additionally, businesses can make the environment more complex, further straining consumers abilities to process information accurately. Such techniques as stocking more merchandise, creating stimulating atmospherics, and increasing information may be useful to stimulate impulse buying. Businesses have to make impulse purchasing more risk-free, through convenient return policies, or increase enablers such as credit and store hours. Importantly, this model also offers options for consumers to control their buying impulses, if they choose to, or feel better about their impulse buying, by relieving their negative evaluations of impulse. How to promote impulsive buying Emphasise needs versus wants Highlight that it will not impact on their shopping budgets over time Create a store environment which dazzles them and where they lose control Provide flexible payment methods. Some people have less cash in your wallet and sometimes leave credit cards at home Avoid making the customer wait 24 hours before making an unplanned purchase Demonstrate that this deal/offer will not last tomorrow before they realize that such deals occur on a regular basis Stress on the emotional aspect of owning the product. Good amount of effort should be put into messages which should make consumers recognize that buying on impulse is not bad. Once consumers recognize that products are more than commodities and that they are buying to please their desires, they will feel more comfortable with the impulse buying decision. Product trial There is a wide gap between the points where the product visual generates the stimulus to final purchase. To minimize this gap and to convert all stimuli into action product trial can prove very effective. This helps customers check the quality of the product and its utility, such an experience can reinforce the buying impulse and the need to buy starts dominating. Some well known things about impulse buying Traditionally impulse buying is defined as Unplanned buying refers to all purchases made without such advance planning and includes impulse buying, which is distinguished by the relative speed with which buying decisions occur. Impulse buying occurs when a consumer experiences a sudden, often powerful and persistent urge to buy something immediately. The impulse to buy is hedonically complex and may stimulate emotional conflict. Also, impulse buying is prone to occur with diminished regard for its consequences. Why people buy impulsively? Some say that it acts as a stress reliever Perceive it as the best buy of that time People are captivated as an audience Consumers have extra money in their budget These are some of the characteristics of impulsive buying Unplanned, Spontaneous and intense urge to buy the purchaser often ignoring the consequences Without much prior knowledge of the product or intension to buy A kind of emotional and irrational purchase often for reasons like fun, fantasy and social and economic pleasure Consumer often regret their purchase after purchasing Internal factors affecting impulsive buying Depends on the mood of the individual, positive mood triggers impulsive buying Impulsive buying is more a need than a want Potential entertainment and emotional worth of shopping Cognitive/affective External factors affecting impulsive buying Windows display Visual merchandising In-store form display Promotional signage Word of mouth messages E-commerce Impact of impulsive buying on the consumer Disturbs the overall financial budget Often gives product dissatisfaction and less alternatives are considered People who go for impulsive buying often have post purchase regret Irrational decision making being more emotional http://www.focus.com/briefs/marketing/impulse-buying-boosting-your-bottom-line/ Limitations People in the city are not used to research hence they were not very responsive or had less idea on how to answer certain questions. As a student, I had limited amount of resources (money, time, contacts etc) to spend on this research. This research has been conducted in two hypermarkets (Reliance mart and star bazaar), the research findings cannot be extended to all hypermarkets in India. This restricts the scope of applying the findings. There are various psychological factors driving impulse behaviour which cannot be covered in this study due to knowledge limitation. Hence the findings cannot be extended to these areas.

Analysis of Sherwood Anderson’s Hands Essay

Sherwood Anderson’s short story, Hands, revolves around the themes of being grotesque and being lonely. The author illustrated these themes through the story’s main character, Wing Biddlebaum, who was driven out of his original hometown after he was accused of molesting a young boy in the school which he used to teach in when he caressed the boy’s hair and shoulders using his hands. In short, Wing’s seemingly â€Å"uncontrollable† hands symbolized his grotesqueness. Although Wing had pure intentions in everything he did, his own fear that he might repeat the incident at the school forced him to live in isolation, which also shows that he is lonely. His only friend was George, who was depicted as his â€Å"pupil† and who exhibited the same passion in writing as Wing did in teaching. Basically, from the themes that the author presented in the story, it can be deduced that even though Wing had problems controlling his hands, he still was in fact a normal person as shown in his friendship with George. This was best illustrated when Wing was about to touch George the same way that he touched the boy at the school using his hands but was able to refrain from doing so. He also gave George advice in his career as a reporter for a newspaper, which showed that he wanted to help the boy and not harm him or sexually harass him In addition, the author portrayed that throughout the whole story that when Wing caressed the young boy’s hair and shoulders at the school, he never meant to sexually harass him. His actions were only misinterpreted by the parents of the boy as sexual in nature which eventually led to his isolation. Moreover, the author depicted Wing as a person who still desired human connection but feared doing so because of his â€Å"uncontrollable hands. † In other words, Wing’s apparent â€Å"grotesque† nature, which was symbolized by his hands, was not his fault but the fault of the people and the world around him. It was their perception of Wing that made him grotesque and not his own hands. Works Cited Anderson, Sherwood. 2004. Hands. 14 April 2008 .

Change and Conflict Theories and Change Agent Essay

What does it take to for an organization to become successful? Research suggests that an effective institution is one that is infused with competent, motivated employees who have been molded to succeed. However, this process takes effort from both sound management and motivated employees. If either is not fully committed, then failure is sure to follow. On the other hand, if done properly, any organization will become enriched with employees who will constantly strive for perfection. The bottom line is that a well-mentored and motivated employee helps produce a successful organization. Before any organization can institute change, the management team must identify and understand the concept of change theory. In other words, he or she should have a clear picture of those internal and external forces that create successful situations and those circumstances that hinder progress. Three basic types of organizational change theories come to mind; they are environmental change, teleologica l change and life cycle change. The lecture notes describe environmental change, â€Å"that which involves situations and the environment around an individual or group. Environmental change is unplanned and a result of changes in the environment (South University, 2013). An example is Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory Defined Nursing: â€Å"The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery† (Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 2010). This theory focuses on changing and influencing the environment in order to put the patient in the best possible conditions such as, having access to fresh air, pure water, cleanliness and sanitation. Nightingale considered a clean, well-ventilated, quiet environment essential for recovery (Nursing Theorists, n.d.). Teleological change theory is a repetitive sequence of implementation, evaluation and modification of an end state based on what was intended (Van de Ven & Sun, 2011). Teleological change or planned change is purposeful social construction among individuals within the organization undergoing change and individuals do not recognize the need for change (Van de Ven & Sun, 2011). Changes occur because management sees the need for change but may fail from lack of plans. This can be improved by teambuilding and training (Van de Ven & Sun, 2011). Another change theory is life cycle theory which describes the process of change as progressing through different stages and activitie s over time (Van de Ven & Sun, 2011). In most organizations, life cycle changes are based on  routines learned in the past for managing repeated changes in efficient and effective ways and how individuals are able to adapt (Van de Ven & Kangyong Sun, 2011). Organizations go through different life cycles similar to those of people. For example, people go through infancy, child-hood and early-teenage phases, which are characterized by rapid growth over a short period of time. Comparably, organizations go through start-up, growth, maturity, decline, renewal and death. A leader should take time to explain the change, how it will benefit the organization and how it will help to achieve the organization’s vision. The effect of change on the staff must be thought out and a plan must be implemented to avoid confrontational consequences. Most importantly, leaders should constantly communicate every detail as simply, clearly and extensively as possible. Conflict Theories Conflict theory focuses on the negative aspects of society. Contemporary theory say conflicts are expected between human beings, beneficial and are the result of change (Conflict management, n.d.). Social conflict pertains to each individual advancing their own interest, conflicting with the interests of others. Social conflict theory uses one’s own desires. Conflict evolves from two individuals wanting the same thing or wanting two different things. Thomas (1976), put conflict into two categories: cooperative and assertiveness (South University, 2013). The ones who end up controlling the majority of these resources exert their power over others with the use of inequality causing social conflict over the struggle of power. This way of thinking is derived from Karl Marx who saw society as being split into different groups all competing for the same social and economic resources. Social conflict theory is complex by inequality and conflict that cause social change. Organizationa l conflict is a dispute caused by apparent conflict of needs, values and interests between people working together. Organizational conflict theory enhances productivity, decision-making, cooperation, communication and employees who work together (Organizational conflict, 2013). Organization conflict in the workplace occurs from personality differences and personal problems such as childcare issues or family issues. Organizational factors that cause conflict are leadership and management styles, budget constraints and disagreements among staff members (Organizational conflict, 2013). Organizational conflicts can  also occur when two or more departments within the same organization compete for the same limited resources, such as budget, equipment and the need for additional staff. Organizational conflict can be negative to staff and the faculty. This constant competition can create stress and result in poor outcome for patients. This implies as an individual develops, they need to be given more responsibility and the opportunity to develop their potential (Organizational conflict, 2013). Another type of conflict is interpersonal conflict. This occurs when two nurses disagree on an issue. Interpersonal conflict can be noticeable when a person verbally attack s someone. Thus, the result can be damaging to the medical facility if patients witness the conflict (Dodge, 2009). Intrapersonal conflict may occur for a nurse who feels overwhelmed as she struggles to balance her job requirements with her personal life and beliefs (Dodge, 2009). Conflict resolution With the change in health care, conflict is certain to happen. Managing and addressing conflict and facilitating a healthy work environment is essential (South University, 2013). According to Follet and Deutsch, conflict could be constructive and not viewed as a weakness. Follet studied the effectiveness of handling interpersonal conflict in an organization with domination, compromise and integration (South University, 2013). In 1976, Thomas devised an effective way to handle conflict by accommodating, avoiding, collaborating with members of management and encouraging compromise (South University, 2013). Accommodating is the willingness to meet the needs of others at the expense of one’s own needs; in essence, keeping the peace is more important than â€Å"winning† a small battle. Avoiding conflict is trying to evade the conflict completely. This is a weak and ineffective approach. Collaborating is trying to meet the needs of all people involved. This style is important in order to bring together different viewpoints to make a decision or to agree on a solution. Competing is when one takes a firm stand on what he believes is true. This style is used as a position of power and expertise then used in situations that need an immediate answer. Compromising is when one tries to find a solution that satisfies everyone. This style is effective when the cost of conflict is higher then the cost of losing (Manktelow & Carlson, n.d.). Change Agent The Change Agent is a person who brings a positive change to the health care environment. Nurses play the role of change agent by bringing improvement (Nursing, 2011). An effective nurse leader, as a change agent, resolves conflict by incorporating communication with conflict resolution to get what they need accomplished on a day-to-day basis. Nurses dislike conflict and like to avoid it at all cost. Nurses take a passive approach to conflict management, calming the situation and not addressing it directly. Nurses do not confront the behavior for fear that it will only make matters worse (Blake & Young, 2013). The Change agent must identify the problem, the importance of the problem, address the people involved, and have the confidence to resolve it. Change agents need to implement plans to achieve and change goals (Grossman &Valigra, 2008). They must be proactive in order to address the issue or problem before it becomes a major conflict. An example of a conflict is a family memberà ¢â‚¬â„¢s request for a second opinion regarding the patient care. The nurse leader should have a nurse intervene and go to the family in order to help relieve their anxiety. She should be an active listener and remain calm. Nothing sets people off more than when they feel they are being ignored or patronized. It is easy to become emotional but it is not worth getting into a volatile discussion that ends in confrontation. Finally, she should seek a solution and work to come up with a solution or a compromise good for both parties. Nurse leaders use conflict resolution with collaboration. Both parties of the conflict confront the problem. The nurse leader takes equal concern for both sides by listening and communicating with the parties. Then both parties can collaborate and identify what they can agree on and evaluate the differences for a solution (South University, 2013). A situation that comes to my mind deals with a supervisor and a subordinate. During this interpersonal conflict, I witnessed on many occasions two strong-willed personalities clash that often ended in verbal altercations. In these situations, the subordinate is a highly self-centered female who cares little about those within hearing distance. On the other hand, our supervisor is very laid back and genuinely well- liked by most people. However, when the two came together, they clashed over the speed in which my co-worker completed her tasks. Although, she was very thorough with her work, it often meant that  she could not handle the same load as the others in the office. Therefore, as co-workers, we had to pick up the slack. This person did not deal well with how the conflict was resolved which often ended up with counsel for insubordination. The tension between the two grew more intense over a period of three to four years. This conflict ended when our supervisor resigned. Nurses in health care today use avoidance as a style for managing conflict which is usually counterproductive. This leads to stress and further conflict. Nurses who repeatedly avoid conflict hold onto the feelings of irritation, frustration or anger with themselves. Avoidance does not solve the problem or prevent the conflict. Competition can result from one individual or group gaining up on another. Attempts to solve conflict with power and control will result in unstable situations and negative communication. Lastly, competitive individuals fail to identify the concerns and needs of others (Handling conflict, n.d.). Conclusion In conclusion, for an organization to be successful, the management team and leaders must identify and understand the concept of change theory. Nurse leaders need to be aware of conflict that can occur with change in the health care environment. Nurses have difficulty with change because it can be related to interpersonal conflict, social conflict or organizational conflict. An effective leader is a change agent by being proactive, be an effective listener and have great communication. A change agent must identify the problem, the importance of the problem, know the people involved and have the confidence to resolve it. Nurses in health care today hinder the resolution of conflict by avoiding the conflict. The nurse leader can help by steering the conflict to a positive outcome. References Dodge, A. (2009, November 10). Types of Conflicts in Nursing | eHow. EHow. Retrieved October 18, 2013, from http://www.ehow.com/about_5630265_types-conflicts-nursing.html Habel, M., RN, MA. (2013). The Power of Change | CE365-60 Content. The Power of Change | CE365-60 Content. Retrieved October 18, 2013, from http://ce.nurse.com/content/ce365-60/the-power-of-change/ Handling conflict. (n.d.). SAGE – the Natural Home for Authors, Editors and Societies. Retrieved October 19, 2013, from http://www.sagepub.com/ Manktelow, J., & Carlson, A. (n.d.). Management training and leadership training, online. Mind Tools New Articles RSS. Retrieved October 19, 2013, from http://www.mindtools.com/ Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association. (2010, November/December). 24th Annual Conference of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association (16), 366-387. Retrieved from http://jap.sagepub.com Blake, N., PhD, RN, CCRN & Young, C. (n.d.). How to be an effective charge nurse. Nursing Theorists. (n.d.). Nursing Theorists. Retrieved October 19, 2013, from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/nursing_theorists.html Oberleitner, M. (n.d.). Theories models and frameworks from administration and management. University of Illinois at Chicago – UIC. Retrieved October 19, 2013, from http://www.uic.edu/ Organizational conflict. (2013, October 15). Wikipedia. Retrieved October 19, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_conflic t South University Online. (2013). Leadership in a Diverse Society: Week 3: Conflict Theories. Retrieved from www.myeclassonline.com Van de Ven, A. H., & Sun, K. (2011, August). Breakdowns in Inplementing Models of Organization Change. Academy of Management Perspectives, 25(3), pp. 58-74. Retrieved October 18, 2013, from http://www.neeley.tcu.edu

The Decision Of Drop The Atomic Bomb - 2270 Words

The decision to drop the atomic bomb, made by President Truman, was largely influenced by political factors rather than military factors. Traditionalist historians argue from the military perspective that the bomb was used to end the war as quickly as possible and with as minimal causalities as possible. Revisionist historians, on the other hand, argue the political perspective where they believe that the bomb was dropped as a diplomatic tool to intimidate the rising superpower that was the Soviet Union. In 1945, there was little reason to doubt the traditionalist perspective; however, in retrospect, with the evidence now gathered and available, it was very likely there were other strategic reasons that played a larger role in the decision Truman had made. By observing the historical timeline, the Cold War began shortly after World War II. Truman was aware of the rising power of the USSR and the threat of the spread of communism into Europe and Asia. The fear of this threat was what likely influenced him and Congress to use the bomb more so than the desire to end the war more efficiently. From the perspective of the traditionalists, Truman was more strongly influenced by a desire to end the war immediately, and the desire of the American people to extract some measure of revenge on Japan. The Unites States, before the dropping of the bomb, had suffered an unprovoked attack from Japan at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The Japanese destroyed most of the American pacificShow MoreRelatedThe Decision Of Drop An Atomic Bomb1901 Words   |  8 PagesThe decision to drop an atomic bomb is one of the hardest a commander-in-chief could make during their life. Let alone a president that was just inaugurated two months prior in the middle of World War II. This was the case for former President Harry S. Truman and it changed the world forever. In his eyes at the time and from the information given to him by his advisors this was the best option to end the fastest with the least amount of casualties for both the Americans and the Japanese. ThroughoutRead More The Decision To Drop The Atomic Bomb Essay897 Words   |  4 PagesPresident Trumans decision to drop the atomic bomb on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were the direct cause for the end of World War II in the Pacific. The United States felt it was necessary to drop the atomic bombs on these two cities or it would suffer more casualties. Not only could the lives of many soldiers have been taken, but possibly the lives of many innocent Americans. The United States will always try to avoid the loss of American civilians at all costs, even if that means takingRead MoreEssay on The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb1543 Words   |  7 PagesThe Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb On December 7, 1941, Japan bombed the United States naval facility known as Pearl Harbor. This attack brought the United States into World War Two. Within the four years that followed, the United States--under the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt-- researched and developed an atomic bomb. This was known as the Manhattan Project. Such a bomb was more powerful and destructive than any ever known to man. After FDR died on April 12,Read MoreEssay on The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb2010 Words   |  9 Pagesconventional warfare into the nuclear age. These ideals were the brainstorming of some of the greatest minds in America and abroad. These scientists began to formulate the creation of the atomic bomb, a device that would change the world in ways that had never been imagined before. The world changed the day that the atomic bomb was dropped on Japan. This evoked a cataclysmic spiral in the morals and methods of how warfare would be carried out. Those in powerful positions felt that they were omnipotentRead MoreUnderstanding the Decisions to Drop The Atomic Bomb Essay873 Words   |  4 Pagesbegan to research atomic energy and the possibility of creating an atomic bomb (Walker 10). When the bombs were created, the arguments for and against the use of it were gruesome, lengthy, and all understandable in some way. During the decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan, President Harry S. Truman and his fellow politicians had to consider the ethical arguments provided by the scientific community and the pragmatic arguments provided by the military; in order to make a decision that would be theRead More Americas Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb Essay2960 Words   |  12 Pagesscrutinized issue of the twentieth century was President Harry Truman’s decision to un leash atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in the summer of 1945. While the sequence of events preceding that fateful summer morning of August 6,1945 are fully understood, the motives behind Truman’s actions are shrouded in controversy. Top military officials publicly denounced the use of such a horrendous weapon, while the obvious advantages to the bomb, traditionalists argue, was a shortened Pacific War. ParallacticRead MoreHarry Trumans Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb1314 Words   |  6 PagesTruman’s decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki justified? A. Plan of Investigation Research Question: To what extent was Harry Truman’s decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki justified? This investigation assesses President Harry Truman’s decision to drop atomic bombs on both Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It will determine whether or not his decision was justified. This investigation will scrutinize the reasons that made Harry Truman feel inclined to drop atomicRead MoreTrumans Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb Essay488 Words   |  2 PagesTrumans Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb Many debates have been provoked based on President Trumans decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. The debate is not solely based on the bomb being dropped, but more on the actual necessity and intention of the bomb being dropped. I believe that the Presidents decision was based dually on military necessity and on the Nations reputation. Truman was notRead MorePresident Truman’s Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagesafter something has happened, what should have been done or what caused the event†. It is a fair assumption that most people understand the old adage â€Å"hindsight is always 20/20†; alluding to the fact that, in our everyday lives, we as humans make decisions based on what we know, what seems right and occasionally what makes our lives easier. The average person does not have the mental capability to consider every possible outcome that a choice will have on his entire life, all within the thought processRead MoreEssay about Trumans Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb504 Words   |  3 Pagesthe toughest decision in your life, whether sacrificing a million of our men and thousands of war ships and plans, verses several thousand of Japanese civilian populists. This decision was on the shoulder of Harry S. Truman, the United States President, who had to make this decision by deciding whether or not to drop a newly designed weapon. The atomic bomb was tested in the sands of New Mexico, where it proved to be very successful. Harry S. Truman made a very successful decision, because he wanted

Freedom Of Expression Essay - 748 Words

Freedom of Expression: All people in the United States are guaranteed this right by the Constitution. Students, however, do not have this right to the same extent as adults. This is because public schools are required to protect all students at the school. The major aspects of this right are speech and dress. Both the right to speech and dress are not absolute in public high schools. According to the American Civil Liberties Union: quot;You (students) have a right to express your opinions as long as you do so in a way that doesnt materially and substantially dirsupt classes or other school activities. If you hold a protest on the school steps and block the entrance to the building, school officials can stop you. They can probably†¦show more content†¦Therefore, they must obey the First Amendment. This means that they can teach about the influences of religion in history, literature, and philosophy- they cant promote religious beliefs or practices as a part of the curriculum...Also, students can be excused from some school activities if they conflict with their religious beliefsquot; (quot;Ask Sybil Libertyquot; 1998). The issue of religion has also been brought up in regards to prayer and graduation. In 1992, the United States Supreme Court in Lee v. Weisman stated, quot;The First Amendments Religion Clauses mean that religious beliefs and religious expression are too precious to be either proscribed or prescribed by the Statequot; (Harrison and Gilbert 161). The court held that prayers at public high school graduations are unconstitutional. However, students can pray and have prayer groups at school if the groups are not sponsored or endorsed by school officials. Fair Treatment and Equality in Education: All students are guaranteed the right to equal education opportunity, despite their color, race, religion, class, sex or citizenship. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas set the standard for the desegregation of public schools and this case also startedShow MoreRelatedFreedom of Expression1919 Words   |  8 Pagesabove surely has been presented throughout history as an archetype of this concept, specifically noting freedom of expression as a right to which all hold possession. The assertion of this right is well represented in the Unites States Bill of Rights. Within that document the First Amendment specifically restricts governmental powers prohibiting any such law or act from abbreviating our freedom of speech . This keystone to the American Democratic System spawns dialogue and discourse which forms policyRead MoreThe Freedom And Freedom Of Expression1355 Words   |  6 PagesWhat drives immigrants to endure the perilous journey to the United States is precious freed om, and the chance of living the American dream. More commonly parents bring their children in hope for a greater standard of life. Undoubtedly there are better education opportunities that correspond directly to better job opportunities. In other cases immigrants are seeking asylum from war-torn countries just trying to escape death by any means necessary. Extreme poverty is an epidemic in foreign countriesRead MoreNgos And Freedom Of Expression1719 Words   |  7 Pages NGOs and Freedom of Expression NGOs are significant actors in defending the human right to freedom of expression worldwide. The right to freedom of expression is entrenched in international law through the following: Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): â€Å"Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless ofRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Expression817 Words   |  4 PagesCitizens freedom of expression and what the people can do with those rights. In this paper, I will talk about Our Right to express, media Regulation in America, Court cases that helped us define the rules, and the yes and no’s. Freedom of Expression Freedom of expression is when its the individual right to â€Å"to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers† (Ponce, Dunham, Behrendt). With this freedom, peopleRead MoreThe Issue Of Freedom Of Expression1277 Words   |  6 PagesEverything that we consider to be freedom of expression such as, Freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, petition, and of association are all protected by our First Amendment. The Supreme Court has previously said that this freedom is the matrix, the indispensable condition of nearly every other form of freedom. Without this, all other constitutional rights like the right to vote, would wither and die. Despite being the First of twenty-seven amendments in our constitutional hierarchy, theRead MoreSpeech On Freedom Of Expression1552 Words   |  7 PagesIs freedom of expression really a right of American citizens, and if so, are there any limits? 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Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian ConstitutionRead MoreFreedom Of Speech And Expression Essay974 Words   |  4 Pagesthe State of Punjab, Fram Nusserwanji v. State of Bombay, Chandardeo v. State of Bihar, Tozam-mal v. Government of Bengal, etc., the laws related to press ultra vires to the constitution were quashed. Article 19(1) (a), freedom of speech and expression which also includes freedom of press is with the restrictions provided in Article 19(2) of the Constitution. When the constitution was enacted, Article 19 contained only following restrictions: 1. Libel, slander and defamation 2. Contempt of courtRead MorePrivacy And Freedom Of Expression2447 Words   |  10 Pages Privacy and freedom of expression are both vital in the preservation of society. In stating this one must be acutely aware of the medias role in directly advocating for freedom of expression over an individual’s right to privacy. In AG v Guardian Newspapers, Lord Geoff states that ‘freedom of expression has existed in this country perhaps as long, if not longer, than it has existed in any other country in the world’ . Nevertheless these rights must be balanced and applied in a manner which isRead More Freedom of Expression Essay1331 Words   |  6 PagesConstitution concerns freedom of expression. Some Americans, such as the Libertarians, feel there should be no censorship. On the other end of the spectrum are more conservative people, many religious, who believe there should be strict limits on what can be published. Most people would agree it is a bad idea to publish or put on the Internet the plans for homemade bombs, biological weapons, or other devices which may be used to kill or maim someone. But in the name of freedom of the press, this

Ece Formula List - 3277 Words

Institute Of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore) Formulae Sheet in ECE/TCE Department Communication Systems Amplitude Modulation : DSB-SC : u (t) = m(t) cos 2Ï€ t Power P = Conventioanal AM : u (t) = [1 + m(t)] Cos 2Ï€ t . as long as |m(t)| ≠¤ 1 demodulation is simple . Practically m(t) = a m (t) . () () Modulation index a = ( ) , m (t) = | ( )| Power = + SSB-AM : → Square law Detector SNR = () Square law modulator ↓ = 2a / a → amplitude Sensitivity Envelope Detector R C (i/p) 1 / ≠¥ Frequency Phase Modulation : Angle Modulation :u (t) = ∅ (t) Cos (2Ï€ t + ∅ (t) ) ( ) → 2Ï€ m(t) . dt → phase frequency deviation constant R C (o/P) 1/ R C x} = 1 – P { X ≠¤ x} = 1- (x) PDF :Pdf = (x) = (x) 7 No.1 Training center for†¦show more content†¦Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onlineies.com@gmail.com Site: www.onlineIES.com Google+: http://bit.ly/gplus_iesgate FB: www.facebook.com/onlineies Institute Of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore) Formulae Sheet in ECE/TCE Department ï‚ · ï‚ · Γ = -1 , S = ∞ = =j tan ÃŽ ²l. may be inductive or capacitive based on length ‘0’ If l ÃŽ » / 4 → inductive ( +ve) l ÃŽ »/2 → capacitive ( -ve) Open circuited line := = -j cot ÃŽ ²l Γ =1 s=∞ = l ÃŽ » / 4 capacitive l ÃŽ »/2 inductive Matched line : ( = ) = Γ = 0 ; s =1 No reflection . Total wave . So, max power transfer possible . Behaviour of Transmission Line for Different lengths :l = ÃŽ » /4 → l = ÃŽ » /2 : = ⇒ → impedance inverter @ l = ÃŽ » /4 impedance reflector @ l = ÃŽ » /2 Wave Guides :TM modes : ( = ) = sin x sin h =k +k ∠´ÃŽ ³= ye + ω where k = ω m→ no. of half cycle variation in X-direction n→ no. of half cycle variation in Y- direction . Cut off frequency ω = ï‚ · ï‚ · k k ÃŽ ²= k ï‚ · + u = phase velocity = + + + ÃŽ ³ = 0; ÃŽ ± = 0 = ÃŽ ² →Show MoreRelatedInternal Combustion Engine vs External Combustion Engine1584 Words   |  7 Pagesengines. But for the older technology, they used External Combustion Engines. It is far lower efficiency than internal combustion engines. The steam engine in old-style trains and steam boats are the best example of ECE (External Combustion Engines). The most of fuel that used in ECE is coal. The coal is burned to create the steam, and the high pressure of steam compressed and it create a motion in the engine. As we known gasoline and diesel are the basic fuel for Internal Combustion Engine. TheRead MoreMonologue: Reading and Students6486 Words   |  26 PagesLesson 4: Lesson 5: Lesson 6: Lesson 7: Lesson 8: Lesson 9: Appendix Finding a Character Fleshing out a Character Finding the Focus Drafting the Monologue Revisiting Models Revision-by-Rehearsal Publishing-by-Presentation Extensions/Accommodations for ECE and Other Diverse Learners UNIT: TOPIC: Monologue Defining â€Å"Monologue,† Lesson 1 Students will determine qualities of monologue and identify them in models Literary Writing Literary Writing LESSON OBJECTIVES: CORE CONTENT: WR-M-1.3 WR-H-1.3 4Read MoreElectronics and Communication Engineering (Ece) Syllabus Book R075299 Words   |  22 PagesI Semester 4+1* - 4 30 3 3 6 2 2 28 II Semester 4+1* - 4 15 - 2 2 10 2 28 Note : All End Examinations (Theory and Practical) are of three hours duration. * - Tutorial T – Theory P – Practical C – Credits D - Drawing I Year B.Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 2+1* ENGLISH P 0 C 4 1. INTRODUCTION : In view of the growing importance of English as a tool for global communication and the consequent emphasis on training students to acquire communicativeRead MoreEssay on How Red Bull Maintain Their Stronghold8091 Words   |  33 Pages(Gschwandtner 2004). This section asks how and why they use these techniques. 5.1 Sponsorship â€Å"Brawn GP fear Ferrari and Red Bull, says Jenson Button† (Wood 2009) Red Bull ® sponsors over 500 extreme sports athletes worldwide. Examples include Formula 1 Freestyle Skiing, Break Dancing, and Free Climbing (Gschwandtner 2004). Additionally, Red Bull ® creates events filling every niche, from DJ battles, Whacky Races, Air Shows through to Festivals. (Gschwandtner, 2004; see page 10) In 2003, 200 millionRead MoreGsm Based Anti Theft System11765 Words   |  48 Pages________________ ____________ (Head of the department, ECE) (Assistant Professor) EXTERNAL EXAMINER ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be incomplete without the mentioning of the people whose constant guidance and encouragement made it possible. We take pleasure in presenting before you, our projectRead MoreJ.K Tyres and Industry Company Analysis14185 Words   |  57 Pagesagricultural vehicles and equipment, Tyres for motor scooters, Tyres for buses and coaches 4.3.2 Existence of Monopoly JK Tyre was one of the first companies to introduce Radial Tyres in India. JK tyre mainly sponsors Formula One racing in India and is the only tyre company to launch first formula one racing track in Coimbatore. Otherwise MRF is India‟s largest tyre manufacturing company and among the dozen largest worldwide. It sponsors cricket bats. 35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00%Read MoreStabilisation in Investment Contracts and Changes of Rules in Host Countries: Tools for Oil Gas Investors34943 Words   |  140 Pagesconcerns about contract stability would become subdued and perhaps even invisible in negotiations over petroleum contract terms. This did not happen. 4 TOPCO v Libya, 17 ILM 3, 24 (1978), 4 YB Com Arb 177, 178, 183 (1979). A non-exhaustive list would include the following: Saudi Arabia v Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco), 27 ILR 117 (1963); Sapphire Petroleum Ltd v National Iranian Oil Company, 35 ILR 136 (1967); Texaco Overseas Petroleum Company/California Asiatic Oil Company v Libyan

Livestock Production System

Question: Discuss about the Livestock Production System. Answer: Introduction: India is an agricultural country and the livestock production in India plays a significant role in the livelihood for the farmers and in the rural economy. Among the total Indian population, 75% are engaged in livestock production or animal husbandry that is a substantial subsidiary to agriculture (Patti et al. 2014)[1]. The animal husbandry plays an important role in the gross domestic product and also in the agricultural gross domestic product in India contributing 24% (Mario et al. 2013)[2]. There are employment opportunities in livestock rearing and production. The cattle and buffalo are reared for milk purposes and goat and sheep for meat, hair or wool and poultry for egg and meat are the main livestock species that are reared in India (William 2012)[3]. The livestock resources in India comprises of the food and non-food items that are provided to the people. The livestock is maintained on agricultural crop products and on grazing. According to the 2014-15 censuses, India ranked first in the livestock production of buffaloes and cattle followed by cattle and goat production (Gupta et al. 2014)[4]. This vast livestock production plays an important role in meeting the growing needs of the millions of people by providing them food in the form of milk, meat, eggs and clothing in the form of leather and wool. It also provides raw materials for the industry. The agriculture and livestock production are crucial for the food security in India and are intrinsically linked. India is the largest producer of milk in the whole world with a significant increase in the livestock production followed by poultry and wool production. Meat and egg production has also shown a significant growth with 7.78% increase by the end of year 2013. Animal species/breeds that are most commonly farmed in India In India, there are innumerable indigenous and exotic breeds of livestock comprising of cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goat, pig, horses, donkeys and camels that are commonly farmed. Based on breed survey of 2013, the livestock species of cattle and buffalo consists of indigenous and exotic breeds. There are 37 pure cattle breeds comprising of Gir, Sahiwal, Tharparkar, Red Sindhi and Rathi who are reared for milk production and indigenous in nature (Lush 2013)[5]. There are draught breeds like Ongole, Kankrej and Hariana that are also reared for draught and milch qualities (Decker et al. 2014)[6]. The exotic cattle breeds are Jersey and Holstein Friesian that are raised in India. The indigenous buffalo breeds are Murrah, Surti, Bhadawari, Chilika, Jaffrabadi, Kalahandi, Banni, Mehsana, Nagpuri, Toda and Nili Ravi (Medhammar et al. 2012)[7]. There are around 20 sheep breeds and 40 goats breeds that are available in India with and generally named after the place of origin as they comprise of the distinct native characteristics. Hissardale, Nilgiri and Kashmir Merino are the cross- breeds that involve the native as well as exotic mutton breeds (Dixit et al. 2012)[8]. Deccani and Marwari are the most common and important breeds widely distributed in India. The Yak and Mithun are also bred in India. The indigenous goat breeds comprises of Barbari, Attapadi Black, Beetal, Black Bengal, Chegu, Berari, Jakhrana, Malabari, Marwari, Surti, Kutchi, Osmanabadi, Gaddi, Ganjam and many other breeds that are raised in India (Escareo et al. 2012)[9]. The horse breeds comprises of Manipuri, Marwari, Kathiawari, Bhutia, Spiti and Zanskari. The indigenous breeds of the camels comprises of Double Hump, Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri, Jalori, Kutchi, Malvi, Marwari, Mewati and Mewari (Praveen, Jain and Katewa 2013)[10]. The pig comprises of exotic, c rossbred and indigenous breeds. The indigenous breeds like Landrace, Yorkshire, Hampshire, Saddleback, Australian Large Black and Duroc (Bernard 2013)[11]. The crossbred pigs and indigenous breeds consist of Ghoongroo and Niang Megha. The poultry breeds that are indigenous in nature are Aseel, Frizzle, Kadaknath and Naked Neck. The above mentioned exotic and indigenous breeds are commonly bred in India. Significance and role of livestock production in India The livestock production in India plays an important role in the economy of India. It is one of the largest sectors in the world being the cardinal pillar for the country. The animal husbandry is the main source of income for the farmers and around 20.5 million people are dependent on the livestock for livelihood (Jimmy et al. 2013)[12]. It also provided employment to the people and majorly contributes to the gross domestic product. It is the main source of income generation and alleviation of poverty for the farmer and their families by providing them regular income through sale of milk. It is the biggest source of employment for the people who are dependent on agriculture and get milk, eggs and meat to the livestock owners and their families. The bullocks are used by farmers for carting, ploughing and transport of goods. In India, the livestock production promotes gender equity as the share of the women in the livestock sector is 90% as in Punjab and Haryana. The people are greatly benefitted by the livestock production as it provides foods and other materials to the people of India. Livestock provides food items in the form of milk, meat and eggs for the human consumption. India is the largest producer of milk with 137.7 m tones in the world followed by 8.89 million tonnes of meat every year according to the 2014 report (Mario et al. 2013)[13]. It also provides non-food items like wool, hair, hides, fibres and skins. Leather is a major product that is largely exported outside India and also wool production of 47.9 million annually. The bullocks are used by the farmers for mechanical power being the backbone for Indian agriculture. The animal wastes are used as fertilizers, good manure and as fuel in the form of dung cakes and bio gas. This has major contributions to the agriculture through dung manure and draught power. The Indian population suffers greatly suffers from malnutrition and the livestock provides food and additional nutritio nal support through the animal sources. The animal sources provide food products that help to improve nutrition. The import and export of livestock products helps to raise the Indian economy. The meat and its products exported outside India adds to the countrys earning from the animal husbandry. It also provides an economic backbone for the millions of landless farmers, small and marginal farmers (Henning et al. 2013)[14]. It also has cultural significance as it offers economic security to the farmers as moving assets and banks. Current markets for livestock products in India A steady increase and sustainable economic growth in the per capita income helps to boost the demand for the animal husbandry products. The direct consumption of the livestock products in the form of milk, eggs, meat, chicken and mutton are greatly limited to the household consumptions with demand productions during the years 2010 and 2020. The livestock products demand has increased for domestic use where the demand for the products is exceeding the supply. The demand projections increased for fresh milk with followed by goat meat, mutton, buffalo meat, chicken and eggs. It is predicted that the demand for fresh milk by the year 2020, will likely to increase by 115.61 millions followed by 4.57 million of goat meat and mutton, 1.00 million buffalo meat, 0.64 million chicken and eggs of 31.47 million (Karen 2014)[15]. The fresh milk is produced with an estimated amount of 86.8 million tonnes that is nearly managed by 70 million Indian farmers making India the largest producer of milk in the world. Moreover, the annual growth counts to 5.6% illustrating 214 grams of milk availability per day (Dwaipayan, and Sharma 2013)[16]. The National Dairy Development Board that organizes dairy production and milk processing and marketing under Amul in the cooperative dairy sector. The surplus milk production is achieved by cross breeding the Jersey breeds and Holstein Friesian. India is the fifth largest producer of egg with 8-10% annual growth rate and 12-15% of broilers (Panda et al. 2012)[17]. The poultry production provides employment to 1.5 million people; however, it is lower than the world average recommended per capita of 5.9 kg meat and 124 eggs (Lee et al. 2012)[18]. Recently, the private sector in India has contributed to the production of high quality poultry equipments, breeding stocks, compounded feed and good genetic stocks. This has resulted in a large integration of the broilers where it is supporting the need for meat in the country. However, it is predicted that the gap between the demand and supply will be fulfilled with surplus production of milk, meat, poultry items and eggs by the year 2020. Livestock production systems in India In an Indian agricultural setting, the livestock production systems fit into the different agro-climatic zones prevailing in the country. The livestock is raised for food, fibres and for labour purposes. There are many livestock production systems that is practiced in India due to its diverse ecologies and subnational statistics. The landless ruminant production system (LLR) uses the ruminant species especially cattle where the feed is introduced from the outside farm system (Kristjanson et al. 2014)[19]. The dairy cattle and buffalo are used for dairy production on a large scale in India. The LLR system encompasses crossing of the specialized breeds that high-producing that are not done specifically for the landless conditions performance (Porter et al. 2014)[20]. The Holstein-Friesian breed is the most important breed that is used for milk production. This largely involves capital and is feed and labour extensive. The arid and semi-arid tropics and subtropics rain-fed system (MRA) is a type of mixed farming system practiced in India (Damron 2013)[21]. It is done in tropical and subtropical regions where the vegetation period is less than 180 days. There is low primary productivity of the land as the rainfall is low. If this constraint is severe, the crops become less important in the system and the livestock take as the main source of income. As the intensity is low, there are multiple livestock roles and there is limited introduction of the improved breeds. There are 14% of goats and sheep and 11% of cattle that are found in the system globally. This system supports large populations as compared to other grazing systems with 51% of the Indian population. There are also mixed farming systems that are practiced in India. They are sustainable and have complementarities between the livestock and crop production. The mixed crop-livestock system is characterised by heterogeneity in terms of efficiency, species, commercialisation and management practices. The mixed rain fed system is also practiced in India with 37% of mixed irrigation system land and 46% land. Another important livestock production system is the introduction of exotic germplasm that helps to improve productivity of the indigenous livestock of cows, buffaloes, sheep and poultry. Crossbreeding technology is also practiced in India that has greater commercial benefits. Issues or constraints that impact on livestock production in India India is largely trying to meet the increasing demands of the population through livestock production, however, there are constrains and barriers that has a great impact on the production. The main constrains lies in the animal nutrition and health with advancements in breeding and genetic gains (Udmale et al. 2014)[22]. The feeds for the ruminant animals may be constrained due to the competition for land and water and changing environmental conditions like global warming that may pose a threat to find an alternate solution for the ruminant animal feed. Breeding is another constraint where the exotic breeds might not fit into the production system and environment of India (Nikos and Bruinsma 2012)[23]. The high performing breeds might not work in the Indian situations. For example, Holstein Friesian are getting deficit due to energy and heat stress making them unsustainable. The poor nutrition is another barrier where there is a poor and limited feed-fodder resource that includes for age conservation, fibrous crop residues, strategic supplementation and multi-purpose crop use (Oosting, Udo and Viets)[24]. The technology is another constraint where the farmers need to be progressive with advancement in technology. Moreover, the technology advancement that is economically feasible for the different farming systems and takes into consideration the perceptions of the farmers. Opportunities for future improvement and development in livestock production India is progressing towards the path of liberalization where the country is trying to fulfil the demands of the expanding population. It is trying to encourage the foreign investments in the filed of technology up gradation, quality and product improvement and in the export business (DeFries et al. 2012)[25]. It is encouraging the banks to take up projects to lending. There are wide opportunities for the livestock production through setting up of schemes that diversify and prepare value added livestock products and processing and marketing of the products according to market demand (Herrero and Thornton 2013)[26]. There are opportunities for research initiatives via collaboration of foreign and local agencies. There is also scope for improvements in the animal health and nutrition through finding of alternate food-feeder solutions (Hayes et al. 2013)[27]. 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